Most candidates were able to:

-           state the reasons for using short bored pile foundation;
-           sketch a short bored pile foundation;
-           explain the given terms used in substructural works.

However, they were unable to:

-           label the short bored pile foundation;
-           position the ground level correctly.

The expected response to question 1 is as given below:

1. Reasons for using short bored pile foundation

*           where a firm stratum underlies a depth of weak soil.
*           where the subsoil is soft with low bearing capacity.
*           where there is a made-up ground/on deep fill ground.
*           where the soil is unstable (where the soil is made up of shrinkable clay of considerable depth).

            (b)      

            (c)        (i)         Natural foundation:  The soil on which artificial foundation rests.
                                    It supports the loads from the building.

                        (ii)        subsoil:  The ground below the vegetable soil layer. 
It is the soil on which the foundation is placed/laid.