Observation

This was an unpopular question and the candidates that answered it score below average. The question required that the candidates should highlight the factors that aided Usman dan Fodio in establishing the Sokoto Caliphate. Many candidates misinterpreted the question and wrote on the reasons while others saw it as the description of the administrative structure of the caliphate. Candidates were expected to mention the following points in order to get good marks.

1. The Sokoto Caliphate came into existence with massive support from the Fulani and a handful of Hausa people.
2. The support from his son, Mohammed Bello and his brother, Abdulahi.
3. The excessive taxation imposed on cattle and farm produce of the peasants.
4. The desire of the Fulani peasant farmers to be liberated from the autocratic rulers of the Habe/Hausa rulers.
5. The acceptance of his teachings and criticism of the Habe/Hausa rulers by the Fulani and peasant farmers.
6. The support he received from the Fulani flag bearers.
7. His own charisma.
8. The military support of the Fulani and some peasant farmers.
9. The willingness of his supporters to die for the cause of Islam.
10. The promise of rewards to flag bearers to become Emirs of their conquered territories.