Question 9
(a) Explain briefly the following methods of food preservation:
(i) freezing;
(ii) pasteurization;
(iii) canning. [9 marks]
(b) Make a drawing 8cm to 10cm long of a cervical vertebra and label fully. [7 marks]
(c) List four other bones that belong to the vertebral column. [4 marks]
Observation
Majority of the candidates provided wrong answers. They had difficulties giving concise answers to
9 (a)(i),(ii) and (iii). Many candidates also scored low marks in the diagram of 9(b). Poor spellings also led to loss of vital marks in 9(c).
The expected answers are:
(a)(i) Freezing
Keeping food under a low temperature; to prevent the growth of microorganisms; and slow down chemical changes.
(ii) Pasteurization
is a process of heating milk at high temperature below boiling point; and cooling rapidly; to eliminate /destroy microorganisms.
(iii) Canning
Removal of air from food before it is sealed in air tight containers, and later heated to high temperature; before it is finally cooled.
(c)Other bones of the vertebral column
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
- Sacral
- Caudal/coccyx