This question was attempted by a few candidates but their performance was poor. In part (a) (i) few candidates correctly stated characteristics of complicated fracture and in (a) (ii) candidates could not correctly state differences between greenstick fracture and complicated fracture. In part (b) candidates could not correctly state steps involved in mouth to mouth artificial resuscitation. In part (c) candidates could not correctly explain the following terms as used in first Aid treatment; artificial respiration and improvised First Aids Kits.
However, the expected answers are as follows:
5. (a) (i) Characteristics of complicated fracture
- inability to walk/immoveable
- affected part becomes deformed
- pains around the affected part
- the affected part swells
- bruises/tears and cuts in the muscle
- bones are broken and pierces through skin
(ii) Differences between greenstick fracture and complicated fracture
| Greenstick fracture |
Complicated fracture |
| - occurs in children |
- occurs in adult |
| - easily heals without deformity |
does not easily heal and may be
deformed |
| - no open cut/wound |
- with open cut/wound |
| - bones are bent/bones slip |
- there is a break in the bone transversely
longitudinally |
| - hospital admission may not be necessary |
- hospital admission is necessary |
| - bones are soft/not fully calcified |
- bones are hard/fully clacified |
(b) Steps involved in mouth to mouth artificial resuscitation
- place the victim on his side and remove blockage from the mouth if any<>
- turn the victim on his back and extend the neck and push the lower jaw forward
- loosen clothing for easy passage of air
- pinch the victims nostrils
- take – in deep breath
- place mouth directly and tightly over the victim’s mouth
- gently exhale into the victim mouth until the chest expands
- repeat process about 10 – 15 times per minutes and watch the victim exhale
(c) Explanation of the terms as used in First Aid treatment
(i) Artificial respiration:
This is a method use to force air into the lungs/of an unconscious victim/until breathing is restored.
(ii) Improvised First Aid Kits
These are available items/materials provided by the first aider at the scene of an accident/for the/treatment of injury sustained by the victim of an accident. |
