Observation

Solution

(a)     Embossing

This is the  process of creating eithr raised or recessed relief images and designs in paper and other substrates. Embossed pattern is raised above the background, as applied on paper currencies.     
(b) Foil Stamping

This is the application of metallic or pigmented foil onto a solid surface by the application of a heated die, permanently adhering it to the surface.
(c)      Laminating
This is the manufacturing of printed surfaces in layers, such that the composite materials achieve improved strength, stability and appearance.
(d)     Saddle Stitching
This is a book binding method in which folded sheets are gathered together, one inside the other, and then stapled through the fold line, using wire staple.
(e)       Spiral Binding
Also known as “Coil Binding”, it is a commonly used binding method in which documents are bound with helical coil. It is applicable mostly on documents which are prone to detachment