Observation

This was very challenging to the candidates as most candidates avoided it while the ones that attempted it performed below average. The candidates were expected to provide the following answers to the question.

1. The creation of states
2. The creation of national identity
3. The formation of political parties
4. Formation of pressure groups
5. Formation of trade unions
6. The establishment of the press
7. Creation of bureaucratic institutions
8. Creation of the legislative institution
9. Creation of the executive institution
10. Creation of the judicial institution
11. The introduction of the elective principle/representative government
12. Introduction of constitutional rule
13. It contributed to political participation/national consciousness
14. Emergence of nationalist movements and leaders