Question 4
- Name the defects illustrated in the diagrams A to D. [4 marks]
- State three causes of the illustrated postural defects. [3 marks]
- State two possible effects of the illustrated postural defects on humans. [2 marks]
- State one way of correcting postural defects in humans. [1 mark]
The diagrams below illustrate different postural defects in humans. Study them and answer questions 4(a) to 4(d).
Observation
Majority of the candidates showed a good understanding of this question on postural defects and scored good marks. They were however unable to state the effects of postural defects correctly as demanded in 4(c).
The expected answers are:
- (a) Name of postural defects illustrated
- Kyphosis/hump/hunch/round shoulder
- Scoliosis/ sideways curvature of the spine
- Valgus knee/K-leg/Knock knee
- Varus knee/bow leg
(b) Causes of illustrated postural defects
- Poor nutrition/inadequate diet
- Lack of exercise/sedentary lifestyle
- Tight clothing
- Poor sleeping/sitting positions/postural habits/named
- Accident/injury/named
- Disease/congenital conditions/prolonged illness
- Heredity
- Imitation
- Habitual carriage of heavy objects/load
(c) Possible effects of illustrated postural defects on humans
- It affects breathing
- It affects proper functioning of digestive system
- Circulation of blood may be impeded
- Muscle tone will be reduced
- It is psychologically harmful when a person appears deformed/unattractive
- Leads to low self-esteem
- Could cause pain
- Ways of correcting postural defects
- Exercise
- Surgery/medical treatment/named
- Eating balanced/adequate diet
- Avoid tight clothings
- Avoid wearing high heel/poorly fitting footwear