Observation

This question was popular among the candidates, as many of them attempted it. The candidates who attempted it performed averagely.

(a)       

(i)         Oyo empire / Yoruba kingdom
(ii)        Benin empire/kingdom
(iii)       Igala kingdom
(iv)       Nupe kingdom
(v)        Itsekiri kingdom
(vi)       Hausa states (Kano, Katsina, Gobir and Zazzau)
(vii)      Jukun Kingdom
(viii)     Efik
(ix)       Kanem Borno Empire
(x)        Ife
(xi)       Ijaw/Ijo/Izon

(b )       

(i)       Fertile land made it possible for the cultivation of crops and the rearing of animals.
(ii)        Availability of mineral deposits like gold, iron ore, tin ore, etc.
(iii)       The existence of able and energetic leaders.
(iv)       Influence of religion.
(v)       Strategic location of some of the states along trade routes e.g. Kano, Katsina, etc.
(vi)       The role of migration.