This question was attempted by few candidates and their performance was good. However, in part (a)(i) candidates drew the wrong vertebra, thoracic instead of lumbar and they could not correctly label with correct spellings and in (a)(ii) candidates correctly mention other bones that belong to the vertebral column. In part (b) candidates correctly mention disorders of the digestive system. In part (b) candidate correctly mention disorders of the digestive system. In part (c) candidates correctly state functions of the liver.
The expected answers were as follows:
3 (a) (i) Diagram of an anterior section of the lumbar vertebra
Title = 1 mark
Size - 8 – 10 lines = 1 mark
NL - Guide line should be ruled = ½ mark
Guide line should not cross = ½ mark
Clarity of line - Drawing should be continuous = ½ mark
Drawing should not be woolly = ½ mark
Labels - articular facet
neural canal
centrum
transverse process
neural spine
neural arch
- Spellings must be correct to score
(ii) Other bones that belong to vertebra column
- atlas
- axis
- cervical
- thoracic
- sacral/sacrum
- caudal/coccyx
* Spellings must be correct to score.
(b) Disorders of the digestive system
- peptic ulcer/duodenal ulcer/intestinal ulcer
- constipation
- gastritis/hyperacidity/gout
- diverticular inflammation
- appendicitis
- dyspepsia/indigestion
- hernia
- halitosis
- diarrhoea.
* Spellings must be correct to score.
(c) Functions of liver
- regulation of blood sugar
- production of bile
- deamination of amino acids
- detoxication of poisonous substances/compounds
- production/generation of heat in the body
- storage of iron in the body
- formation of fibrinogen which helps in clothing of blood.
- storage of vitamin e.g B12 for formation of red blood corpuscles
- storage of glucose as glycogen/conversion of glycogen to glucose
- temporary storage of blood
- produces Heparin.
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