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Biology Paper 2, Nov/Dec 2009  
Questions:   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8   Main
General Comments
Weakness/Remedies
Strength












Question 2

  1.    Make a diagram 8 -10cm  long of the longitudinal section of a mammalian

   heart and label fully.                    (9 marks)

  1.    Describe briefly pulmonary circulation in mammals.             (7 marks)

 

  1.    In a tabular form state four differences between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.         (4 marks)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
OBSERVATION

 

This question was not a popular question among the candidates and the candidates who        attempted it did not perform well.  Most candidates drew very poor diagrams of the heart with woolly and broken lines and loss of details.  They did not conform to size specifications and did not give  titles to their diagram  which resulted in loss of marks.  More than half of the candidates could not describe pulmonary circulation,  a lot of them merely defined it  and so lost a lot of marks.  Most candidates could also not state four differences between pulmonary and systemic circulation

  Expected answers  include:

  Pulmonary Circulation
 
                                                     Longitudinal section of a mammalian heart.
                                                            
         Pulmonary Circulation
         Mammalian blood – flow from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart is known as pulmonary circulation; deoxygenated blood from the body is brought to the right atrium/auricle through the   venae cavae/superior and inferior vena cavae/posterior and anterior vena cavae;  When the right auricle/atrium is filled with blood; it contracts; the tricuspid valve; opens to allow blood flow into the right ventricle;
          the tricuspid valve closes; and the right ventricle contracts; forcing blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs; for oxygenation; oxygenated blood then flows to the left atrium/auricle; through the pulmonary veins.

          Differences between pulmonary and systemic circulation

 Pulmonary

Systemic

 -   The circulation is between the heart
      and the lungs;
-    Oxygenated blood is carried to the
      heart;
-    Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated
     blood;
-    Pulmonary artery carries ;
     de-oxygenated blood;
-    Blood is pumped at low pressure;
-    Few blood vessels are involved.

 The circulation is between the heart and
 the rest of the body;
 De-oxygenated blood is carried to the
 heart;
Veins carry de-oxygenated blood;

Arteries carry oxygenated blood;

Blood is pumped at high pressure;
Many blood vessels are involved.

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