This question was popular among the candidates and most of these candidates performed fairly well. However, a few candidates performed poorly in the question due to inadequate preparation. Candidates should have responded thus:

(a) Modulation Modulation is the transition from one key (tonality) to another. To achieve this change, harmonies common to both tonalities are used, usually culminating in either a cadence or the statement of a theme in the new key.

(b) Transposition Transposition is the rewriting or a performance of music in a different key from that indicated in the printed music, or the appearance of a theme or motif in an alternate key. This entails raising or lowering each pitch of the original music by precisely the same interval.

(c) Syncopation

(i) Placing of accent on a weak beat.

(ii) A rhythmic technique in music in which the accent is shifted to a weak beat of the bar.

(iii) It is the displacement of the strong beat.

(d) Orchestration

(i). Orchestration is the art of combining musical instruments in orchestral compositions. It is a complex instance of instrumentation.

(ii). the assigning of instruments in music for an ensemble of any size.

(iii). Arranging for a group of instruments.

(e) Improvisation Improvisation in music is the art of extemporization or creating all or part of a composition at the moment of performance. In order to improvise effectively, a musician must thoroughly understand the convention of a given musical style.

(f) Transcription

(i) Transcription is the arrangement of a musical composition for a combination of instrument different from the original arrangement.

(ii) It is also the translation of music from one notation system into another, especially from either system into the system in current use.

(iii) The reduction of music from live or recorded sound to a written notation.

(g) Tonicization

(i) A shift from the tonal centre to another.

(ii) A re-establishment of the tonality of a piece of music in another key.