Observation

This question was attempted by many candidates and their performance was fair. In part (a)

they did fairly well, but they mixed roles of orthopaedic with maternity clinic. In part (b) they

were stating functions of the teeth instead of the characteristics of the teeth. In part (c)

they did well in it. In part (d) majority of candidates were able to state methods of preventing cholera. In part (e) they did well in it

The expected answers are as follows:

1. Roles of an orthopaedic hospital

   
   
   • gives appointments to patients.
   
   
   • recommends/conducts tests such as x-ray for patients.
   
   
   • treats injuries/diseases of bones and muscles/named.
   
   
   • prescribe drugs/dispense to patients.
   
   
   • admits patients in the hospital.
   
   
   • counsels patients.
   
   
   • performs surgical operations on patients.
   
   
   • rehabilitation/provision of artificial limbs.
   
   
   • corrects deformed bones in patients.
   
   

2. Characteristics of the following teeth in humans

   
   
   1. Molar
   
   
   • flat surface/broad surface of tooth crown;
   
   
   • two/three roots present;
   
   
   • cusped surface of the crown.
   
   
   2. Premolar
      
      • broad surface of the crown.
      
      
      • one/two roots present.
      
      
      • cusped surface of the crown.
      
      
   3. Canine
      
      • conical in shape.
      
      
      • sharp/ pointed crown.
      
      
      • one root present.
      
      
   4. Incisor
      
      • single root is present.
      
      
      • chisel shaped.
      
      
3. Ways of preventing tooth decay
   
   
   • regular/proper washing/brushing the teeth/chewing stick.
   
   
   • eating reduced amounts of sugary foods/carbonated drinks/named.
   
   
   • regular visitation to the dentist/dental check-up.
   
   
   • high consumption of foods rich in calcium/phosphorus/vitamin C.
   
   
   • avoid eating too hot/too cold foods/drinks.
   
   
   • avoid using teeth to open bottle cork.
   
   
   • avoid using sharp object to pick teeth/use dental floss.
   
   
   • washing mouth with oral antiseptics/tooth paste with fluoride.
   
   
4. Methods of preventing cholera
   
   
   • drinking water should be treated/boiled.
   
   
   • proper disposal of faeces to avoid water contamination.
   
   
   • ensure good sanitation practice;
   
   
   • washing fruits and vegetables properly before consumption.
   
   
   • food items should be covered properly.
   
   
   • isolate cholera victim.
   
   
   • washing hands before meals and after visiting the toilet/personal hygiene.
   
   
   • rooms/schools/toilet should be disinfected regularly.
   
   
5. Habits that could lead to constipation in humans


• change in meal/routines.


• improper chewing of food.


• over use of laxatives/name medication.


• over eating.


• inadequate drinking of water.


• inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables in diets/roughages.


• resisting the urge to empty the bowel.


• avoid eating excessive dairy foods.


• stress;


• lack of exercise/ageing.