Observation

Many candidates attempted this question number and they did well in it. Some marks were however lost due 
      to spelling errors in technical terms.

The expected answers are:
(a)(i)         Communicable disease
is a disease which can be transmitted/spread; from one person to another; directly by touch or indirectly.                                 

(ii)        Ways of preventing the spread of communicable diseases.

• Immunization/vaccination
• Environmental hygiene/sanitation
• Medical check-up
• Using treated mosquito net
• Use of antiseptics
• Quarantine/isolation
• Avoiding overcrowded places/provide adequate ventilation
• Use of insecticide/named
• Personal hygiene/hand washing
• Physical/social distancing
• Use of nose mask
• Covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
• Practicing safe sex/use condoms
• Educating people on health
• Avoid touching/fondling wild animals
• Clean surfaces of furniture/gadgets regularly

(b)(i)         Explanation of family planning methods

(I) Diaphragm
The diaphragm is a dome shaped cup of thin rubber; stretched over a collapsible metal ring /rim; which covers the cervix; and prevents pregnancy.                               

(II)Abstinence
This is a natural family planning method; making a decision not to engage in sexual intercourse; for a chosen period of time to prevent pregnancy.    

(III) Withdrawal
The male removes his penis from the vagina just before ejaculation/coitus interruptus; to avoid fertilization/pregnancy.

(ii)        Causative agent for named diseases

                       
(c)(i)         Pathogens
Pathogens are organisms; that cause diseases.
           
(ii)        Features of the elderly

• Loss of memory
• Poor dentition/loss of teeth
• Flabby muscles/breast
• Wrinkled skin
• Poor vision
• Grey/white hair
• Sluggish movement
• Reduction of libido
• Easily fatigued