(a) Name any four irrigation areas in the Nile Valley.
(b) Describe the perennial method of irrigation in the Nile Valley.
(c) Explain any four problems created by irrigation in the Nile Valley.

Quite a high proportion of the candidates answered the question. Their performance was generally poor. Many could not correctly name the irrigation areas in the Nile Valley which include:
- Lower Nile Valley from the Aswan Dam to the Delta in Egypt
- Sennar (in Sudan)
- Middle Nile Valley in Sudan
- Kanena (in Sudan)
- Kasm - el - Girba area along the Atbara in Eastern Sudan
- Lake shores
- Khasimel Girba (Egypt)

The description of the Perennial method of irrigation should include points like:
- Mostly, modern methods of irrigation are used in the Nile valley;
- Dams and barrages are built across the Nile;
- Dams hold back some of the Nile water during the floods;
- Water that has been stored behind the dams is released especially when the level of the river is low.
Water is allowed to flow by gravity to the cultivated lands below the dam.
- By releasing the water, farming takes place throughout the year.
- The most important of these dams is the Aswan Dam
- some other dams in this area are Jebe Aulia, Sennar etc.

Some problems created by irrigation in the Nile valley include:

- irrigation compete with other demands for water such as HEP, transportation etc.
- submergence of settlements and displacement of people
- flooding
- fluctuation in the volume of water
- salination
- collapse of dams
- diseases e.g. bilharzias, river blindness etc from retained water
- growth of water weeds