1. (a)   (i)   Name four pieces of equipment used for treating victims of a fracture  [ 4 marks ]
          (ii)  Mention four materials that can be improvised for use in place
                of a bandage                                                                                            [ 4 marks ]
   (b)   State:
           (i)  three differences between a simple fracture and a complicated fracture[3 marks]
          (ii)  the equipment used to support a fractured limb                                      [ 1 mark ]
   (c)    State five steps that should be taken to resuscitate a victim of asphyxia    [ 5 marks]                             
   (d)    Give one reason each for the following steps taken in the treatment of burns:
           (i)    application of cold water;
           (ii)   dressing the affected part;
           (iii)   application of ointment .                                                                      [ 3 marks ]

This question was attempted by many candidates and their performance was  very poor.   In part (a) (i) candidates correctly named pieces of equipment used for treating victims of a fracture and in (a) (ii) candidates also mentioned materials that can be improvised for use in place of a bandage although, some wrongly mentioned roll up paper, cotton wool cardboard and plaster.  In part (b)(i) candidates could not correctly state differences between a simple fracture and a complicated fracture and in (b)(ii) candidates could not also state the equipment used to support a fractured limb.  In part (c) candidates could not correctly state steps that should be taken to resuscitate a victim of asphyxia.  In part (d) candidates could not give reasons for the following the steps taken in the treatment of burns: application of cold water, dressing the affected part and application of  ointment.
 

The expected answers are as follows:

2     (a)(i)   Equipment for treatment of a victim of fracture

                 -    bandage
                 -    splint/ruler/wood
                 -    clip/ safety pin
                 -    ice block/icebag
                 
         (ii)     Materials that can be improvised in place of bandage

                   -      handkerchiefs
                   -      ties
                   -      scarves
                   -      belts
                   -      braces
                   -      strips of cloth material
                   -      rope/string.

(b)    Differences between simple fracture and complicated fracture
 

          *Do not penalise for non-tabulation
          *points must correspond to score.
(ii)   Equipment to support a fracture

• splint
• ruler
• wood
• plaster of paris (p.o.p)
• bandage
• sling

                             
(c)   Steps to be taken to resuscitate victim of asphyxia

•  lay the victim on his back
• fully tilt the head backward
•  pull the chin down to open the mouth
• clear foreign materials from the victim’s mouth
• remove all tight clothing around the victim
• close the victim’s nostrils tight
• blow air forcefully into the mouth.
• remove your mouth and take another deep breath
• blow into the victim’s lungs again
• repeat the exercise a number of times until the victim is conscious/able to breath by himself..

 
(d)    Reasons for steps taken in the treatment of burns

• Application of cold water

 -   to reduce heat
-    to reduce pain

• Dressing the affected part

-   to prevent infection/complication
-   facilitate early healing
                                                  

• Application of ointment

-   to prevent swelling of the affected part
-   to prevent infection