This question was popular among the candidates.  In 7(a)(i), majority of the candidates were able to explain the meaning of incubation in poultry production.  However, most of them were unable to state two advantages and two disadvantages of natural incubation as required in 7(a)(ii).  In 7(b) majority of the candidates could list four factors that affect pasture establishment in West Africa.  Further to this, in 7(c)(i-ii) most of the candidates could state the causal organism and two symptoms of each of Brucellosis and Newcastle diseases.
The expected answers included:
    (ii)    Advantages and Disadvantages of natural incubation
                        Advantages

• Labour  requirement is low
• It is cheap
• No risk of power failure
• Maintenance cost is low
• Does not require special skill/expertise
• Favourable conditions for hatching are naturally provided

            Disadvantages

• Unpredictable number of eggs are hatched
• Process cannot be programmed
• There is risk of predators / parasites
• Not suitable for commercial production
• Low hatchability of eggs
• Eggs are often exposed to adverse weather conditions
• Few eggs are usually layed for incubation
• Possibility of abandonment of eggs is high
• Pecking and sucking of the eggs by the hen